In the pro-tobacco studies, and for all products except cigarettes in antitobacco Products were found for hookah, snus, and pipe/roll-your-own tobacco With mental health or medical co-morbidities. Indian/Alaska Natives, pregnant women, LGBT populations, and those Major gaps included studies on Asian Americans, American There were more studies on pro-tobacco marketing rather thanĪnti-tobacco campaigns, and on cigarettes rather than other tobacco Or anti-tobacco focus, with key strategies and gaps by group. Narrative summaries were organized by population and by pro-tobacco We summarized the number of articles forĮach population, type of tobacco, and pro-tobacco or anti-tobacco focus. Rural/inner city residents, military/veterans, and people with mental health Transgender (LGBT) populations, groups with low socioeconomic status, Islander and American Indian/Alaska Native), Lesbian/Gay/Bisexual/ Minority groups (African American, Hispanic/Latino, Asian/Pacific Inclusion criteria on pro-tobacco marketing or anti-tobacco campaignsĪimed at eight US groups: women of reproductive age, racial/ethnic Were used to identify 8877 peer-reviewed, original articles in English, Policy and control efforts and the design of public education campaignsįive journal databases in medicine, communication, and science, Or anti-tobacco campaigns targeting eight vulnerable populations toĭetermine key findings and research gaps. ![]() We reviewed research literature on pro-tobacco marketing Smaller protective effects of education on health behaviors may be due to the existing racism across institutions such as the education system and labor market. In line with previous research in the United States, education is more strongly associated with health and health behaviors in Whites than Blacks. Race did not interact with the effect of educational attainment on odds of ever smoking. Race interacted with the effects of higher educational attainment on current smoking, suggesting a stronger protective effect of higher education against current smoking for Whites than Blacks. In the pooled sample, higher educational attainment was associated with lower odds of ever and current smoking. Demographic factors (age and gender) were covariates. The independent variable was educational attainment, and the dependent variables were ever and current (past 30-day) smoking. ![]() The current analysis included 2277 adults who were either Whites (n = 1868 82%) or Blacks (n = 409 18%). HINTS is a national survey of American adults. This cross-sectional study used the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) 2017 (n = 3217). To explore the Black/White differences in the association between education and smoking. We need strong monitoring, regulation, and enforcement efforts that will counter the industry's use of menthol at multiple levels in urban environments.Īlthough higher socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as educational attainment are linked with health behaviors, the Blacks’ Diminished Return theory posits that the protective effects of SES are systemically smaller for Blacks than Whites. Consequently, this population is surrounded by intense and integrated levels of marketing. Tobacco companies regard the urban Black menthol segment as one of the few markets in which they can grow sales despite declines elsewhere in the United States. They have higher levels of price discounts and signage, exert tight controls over the retail environment, and use hip-hop lifestyle to associate menthol products with urban nightlife, music, fame, and cultural edginess among younger smokers. Tobacco companies recognize the growth potential for the menthol segment in these urban communities. ![]() This study analyzes tobacco industry menthol marketing strategies aimed at urban predominantly Black populations.ĭata are drawn from an interview with a former Brown & Williamson Tobacco Company trade marketing manager, tobacco industry documents on Kool promotions in urban areas, and public health literature on tobacco marketing.
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